CBSE Class 9 Geography Notes PDF Population

Exams around the corner and the Population chapter still feeling confusing? Don’t worry - you’re not alone. Many students find data, census figures and terms like growth rate or density a little overwhelming at first.

In these Population Class 9 Geography Notes, we’ll break everything down in the simplest way possible. From population size and distribution to migration, age structure and National Population Policy - everything is explained clearly and in sequence.

These notes from cbse syllabus class 9 sst are designed for quick revision before exams, so you can understand the concepts properly and remember important points easily. Let’s go step by step and make this chapter simple and scoring.

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Summary of the Chapter

The Population chapter helps us understand how many people live in India, where they are distributed, and how the population changes over time. It explains key concepts like population size, density, growth, and distribution, which are important for understanding a country’s development.

You will also learn about birth rate, death rate, age composition, sex ratio, literacy rate, occupational structure, and migration. By studying census data and population trends, we understand how population influences resources, employment and overall economic progress.

What is Population?

Population refers to the total number of individuals; specifically humans, organisms, or items; occupying a particular geographic area, city, country, or ecosystem at a specific time.

Population Size and Distribution 

It explains the total number of people living in India and the reasons behind the rapid growth of population over time.

• According to the 2011 Census, India has a population of about 121 crore.
• Population data in India is collected every 10 years, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, new census data could not be collected, so we still rely on the 2011 Census.
• As per the 2011 Census, India was the second most populous country in the world after China.
• However, recent reports show that India has become the most populated country in the world.
• After independence, India’s population grew rapidly due to better availability of food and healthcare services across the country.
• Before independence, the death rate was very high because of diseases and lack of proper medical facilities.
• The Green Revolution after independence improved food production and reduced hunger.
• Improved medical facilities increased life expectancy, which led to population growth.
• Better sanitation and cleanliness also contributed to population growth by reducing the spread of diseases and creating a healthier environment.

Population Distribution 

Population distribution refers to how people are spread over different parts of a country.

• India’s population is unevenly distributed across the country.
• Some states have very high populations, such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra.
• Some regions have very low populations, such as Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• This uneven distribution is mainly due to factors like availability of water, fertile land, job opportunities, and suitable climate.
• States with fertile land, better employment opportunities, and good climate tend to have higher populations, while areas with poor soil, fewer jobs, and harsh conditions have lower populations.

Population Density 

Population density shows how crowded or sparsely populated a place is by measuring the number of people living in a unit area.

• It refers to the number of people living per square kilometre of land area.
• According to the 2011 Census, India’s population density was 382 persons per square kilometre.
• High population density states include West Bengal and Bihar, due to fertile land and better availability of jobs.
• Low population density states include Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, mainly because of hilly terrain and difficult living conditions.

Population Growth

It refers to the increase or decrease in the number of people living in a country over a period of time. There are two types of population growth:

• Natural Growth: It occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Example: India and China.
• Negative Growth: It occurs when the death rate is higher than the birth rate. Example: Japan and South Korea

Birth Rate

It refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population during a specific period, usually one year.

Death Rate

It refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population during a year.

Note: Birth rate and death rate are important indicators that help us determine the population growth of a country.‍

Migration

Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between countries). Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but influences the distribution of population within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population.

Urbanisation and Migration Trends

Migration has led to a steady increase in urban population in India. The urban population increased from 17.29% in 1951 to 31.80% in 2011. The number of “Million Plus Cities” (cities with more than 10 lakh population) has increased rapidly. 

Migration not only increases the size of urban population but also changes the age and sex composition of both rural and urban areas. Young working-age people mainly migrate to cities for employment.

National Population Policy (NPP) 2000

India started a Family Planning Programme in 1952 to control population growth. The National Population Policy 2000 provides a policy framework for:

• Free and compulsory education up to 14 years
• Reducing Infant Mortality Rate below 30 per 1000 live births
• Universal immunisation of children
• Promoting delayed marriage for girls
• Making family welfare a people-centred programme

The main aim is to improve health, control population growth and promote responsible parenthood.

Age Composition 

Age composition refers to the division of a country’s population into different age groups. Generally, the population is divided into three main age groups:

• Children (0–14 years): This age group is not economically productive. Children depend on adults for food, education, healthcare, and other basic needs.
• Working-age population (15–59 years): This is the most productive age group of the population. People in this group earn income, produce goods and services, and contribute to the economic growth of the country.
• Old age (60 years and above): This age group is mostly dependent on others for support. Due to old age and health issues, they are generally unable to work.

If a country has a large old-age population, it may face economic problems in the future due to a smaller working population. Countries like Japan and South Korea are facing this issue.

India, on the other hand, has a large young and working-age population. If this population is properly skilled and employed, India can achieve high economic growth.

Sex Ratio

Sex ratio shows the balance between males and females in a population and is an important indicator of social development.

• It refers to the number of females per 1000 males in a population.
• According to the 2011 Census, India’s sex ratio is 940 females per 1000 males.
• Some states like Kerala have a good sex ratio, while states like Haryana and Bihar have a low sex ratio.
• A low sex ratio can create problems in population growth and social balance.
• In states like Haryana and Bihar, many men have to marry women from other states due to the low number of females.
• Social factors such as gender discrimination, preference for male children, female foeticide, and unequal treatment of girls are major reasons for the low sex ratio in India.
• In some cases, women are forced to abort pregnancies if the child is found to be female.
• To control this problem, the Government of India has banned sex determination tests in hospitals and clinics.

Literacy Rate

It shows the level of education in a country and helps us understand how educated the population is.

• It refers to the percentage of people aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
• According to the 2011 Census, India’s literacy rate is about 74 percent.
• As per the census, the male literacy rate is around 82 percent, while the female literacy rate is about 65 percent.
• Kerala and Mizoram have the highest literacy rates in India.
• The female literacy rate is lower mainly due to social factors like gender discrimination and lack of educational opportunities for girls.

Occupational Structure 

It shows the types of work people are engaged in and how the workforce is distributed across different sectors.

• According to the 2011 Census, most of India’s population is employed in the agriculture sector.
• Other sectors include industry and services, which employ fewer people compared to agriculture.
• The service sector includes jobs like teaching, banking, healthcare, and IT.
• Industrial and service sectors are growing, especially in urban areas, providing more non-farm employment opportunities.
• Changes in occupational structure reflect economic development and modernization of the country.

Sectors in Indian Economy 

The Indian economy is divided into three main sectors based on the type of work people do.

• Primary Sector: Involves activities like farming, fishing, forestry, and mining.
• Secondary Sector: Involves manufacturing and processing of goods in factories and industries.
• Tertiary Sector: Involves providing services such as healthcare, education, transportation, banking, and IT.

Life Expectancy

It refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live in a specific region, depending on factors like climate, gender, and age.

• Life expectancy has increased after independence due to better medical facilities and improved healthcare services.
• Before independence, the average life expectancy was around 30 years.
• Rural areas with limited medical services still have a lower life expectancy.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• It refers to the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a specific region.
• IMR is an important indicator of a country’s healthcare quality and living conditions.

Conclusion 

To sum up, these are quick and easy revision notes for the chapter Population. By going through them, you can revise the whole chapter in just a few minutes without opening the textbook.

Using these notes will help you stay ahead in your exam preparation and make studying faster, easier, and less stressful.

FAQs

Q1. What is the population?

Ans. Population is the total number of people living in a specific area or region at a given time.

Q2. What is population density?

Ans. Population density refers to the number of people living per square kilometre of land area.

Q3. What is sex ratio?

Ans. Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males in a population.

Q4. What is age composition?

Ans. Age composition is the division of the population into different age groups: children (0–14 years), working-age people (15–59 years), and old-age people (60 years and above).

Q5. What is the literacy rate?

Ans. Literacy rate is the percentage of people aged 7 and above who can read and write with understanding in any language.