(i) Red algae vs Brown algae – Red algae have phycoerythrin pigment and store floridean starch; often small and deep-water marine (e.g., Porphyra). Brown algae have fucoxanthin pigment, store laminarin/mannitol and include large seaweeds like kelps (e.g., Laminaria).
(ii) Liverworts vs Moss – Liverworts often have a thalloid or simple body and simpler sporophyte; mosses have leafy gametophyte and a more conspicuous capsule-bearing sporophyte.
(iii) Homosporous vs Heterosporous pteridophyte – Homosporous species produce one kind of spore that usually forms a bisexual gametophyte (e.g., Pteris). Heterosporous species produce microspores and megaspores that form unisexual gametophytes (e.g., Selaginella).