CBSE Syllabus Economics Class 12 2026 | Free PDF for 2025-26 Exams

Check out the latest CBSE Class 12 Economics 2025-26 Syllabus. PDF given below:

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The CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus 2025-26 is designed to give students a comprehensive understanding of both microeconomics and macroeconomics. Whether you’re preparing for board exams or competitive entrance tests, having a clear understanding of the syllabus is essential. In this guide, we will cover all the key topics, marking schemes, and important updates to help you study effectively.

In this guide, we will walk you through the complete syllabus, important topics, and exam pattern to help you prepare effectively. Let’s get started!.

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Like the Class 12 Economics Syllabus, students can also check out the Syllabus of Class 12 Psychology & Class 12 Applied Mathematics to plan their exams accordingly. Students can create a combined timetable for these exams to perform well and manage their time.

Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2026 Breakdown

The CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus is structured to give students a clear understanding of how economies function at both individual and national levels. The syllabus is divided into two main sections: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, each covering essential topics that help students develop analytical and problem-solving skills.

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates

a) What is Macroeconomics?

b) Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods, stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

c) Circular flow of income (two-sector model); Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

d) Aggregates related to National Income:

e) Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP , GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

Unit 2: Money and Banking

a) Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

b) Money creation by the commercial banking system.

c) Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio(CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, and Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment 

a) Aggregate demand and its components.

b) Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

c) Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.

d) Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

e) Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy 

a) Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.

b) Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;

c) Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

d) Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments

a) Balance of payments account - meaning and components;

b) Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit

c) Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

d) Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate. Managed floating exchange rate system.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:

a) A brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

b) Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetisation and GST

Unit 7: Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy

a) Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of the Education Sector in India

b) Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming

c) Employment: Growth and changes in workforce participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies

d) Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience in India

a) A comparison with neighbours - India and Pakistan, India and China

b) Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

You must become familiar with the curriculum, make clear learning objectives, organise your studies, look into additional resources, and practise often if you want to do well in your classes. By using these strategies, you'll improve your comprehension of the subject and achieve academic success in economics.

Study Plan Using Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26

Preparing for your Class 12 Economics exam requires a structured study plan to cover all topics efficiently and score well. By following a well-organised approach based on the latest syllabus, you can stay on track and revise effectively before the board exams. Here’s a step-by-step study plan to help you succeed.

Step 1: Understand the Syllabus and Marking Scheme

Start by downloading the CBSE Economics Class 12 Syllabus and carefully reviewing the topics in Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Identify chapters with higher weightage and focus more on them.

Microeconomics Topics: Consumer Behaviour, Producer Theory, Market Structures, Price Determination

Macroeconomics Topics: National Income, Money & Banking, Government Budget, Balance of Payments

Tip: Make a list of all topics and tick them off as you complete them.

Step 2: Create a Weekly Study Schedule

Instead of studying everything at once, break the syllabus into smaller sections and allocate specific topics to each week.

Example Study Plan:

• Week 1-2: Microeconomics (Consumer Behaviour, Demand & Supply)
• Week 3-4: Microeconomics (Production, Cost & Market Structures)
• Week 5-6: Macroeconomics (National Income & Banking System)
• Week 7-8: Macroeconomics (Government Budget, Inflation & BOP)
• Week 9-10: Revision & Practice Questions

Tip: Study at least 2-3 hours daily, giving equal time to theory, numerical problems, and application-based questions.

Step 3: Focus on Conceptual Clarity

Economics requires a clear understanding of concepts rather than rote learning. Try the following methods:

• Read NCERT thoroughly – It’s the most important book for CBSE exams.
• Make short notes – Write key formulas, definitions, and flowcharts.
• Watch video explanations – Visual learning can improve understanding.
• Relate topics to real-life examples – This helps in long-term retention.

Step 4: Solve NCERT Questions & Previous Year Papers

Practising questions regularly is crucial to scoring well on the board exams.

• Solve all NCERT in-text & back-exercise questions.
• Attempt CBSE previous year question papers to understand exam patterns.
• Practise sample papers and mock tests under timed conditions.

Tip: Focus on long-answer questions and case studies, as these carry significant marks.

Step 5: Regular Revision is the Key

The best way to remember concepts is through consistent revision. Here’s how you can do it:

• Revise notes every weekend to reinforce concepts.
• Discuss with friends or teachers to clarify doubts.
• Solve 1-2 case study-based questions daily for better application skills.
• Write short answers in your own words to improve retention.

Step 6: Avoid Common Mistakes

• Skipping NCERT – It’s the most important book for board exams.
• Not practising numerical problems – National Income and Money & Banking have calculations that need practice.
• Ignoring diagrams and graphs – Draw neat, labelled diagrams to support your answers.
• Cramming without understanding – Focus on logical explanations rather than memorisation.

Step 7: Final Exam Strategy

• Revise important topics at least twice before the exam.
• Solve full-length sample papers to improve speed and accuracy.
• Manage time wisely – Allocate time for each section during the exam.
• Stay calm and confident – Avoid last-minute stress and get enough sleep before the exam.

By following this structured study plan based on the CBSE Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26, you can cover all topics effectively and score high in your board exams. Consistency, conceptual clarity, and regular practice are the keys to success. Stay focused, stay positive, and keep practising!