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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Exploration Chapter 2 Cell: The Building Block of Life include clear, step-by-step answers to the questions from the new Exploration Textbook. Students will learn about the cell as the basic unit of life, the structure of the cell, cell organelles, movement of substances in the cell and cell division.
NCERT Class 9 Science (Exploration) Chapter 2 Solutions provide chapter-wise questions and answers, including InText exercises, Pause and Ponder, Revise, Reflect, Refine sections to strengthen conceptual understanding. These solutions are fully aligned with the latest CBSE Class 9 curriculum 2026-27. They help students complete their homework, grasp complex concepts, and prepare thoroughly for school exams.
Download NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 2 Solutions
Students can download complete NCERT Class 9 Science Exploration Chapter 2 solutions in a PDF format for free. These solutions are tailored to provide clear, step-by-step guidance so that they can study more efficiently and score better in exams.
What Topics Are Covered in NCERT Exploration Chapter 2?
CBSE Class 9 Science Exploration Chapter 2 is about the world around us. The chapter discusses the structure and function of cells in the following concepts:
- Discovery of Cells and Development of Cell Theory
- Basics of Cell: The structural and functional building blocks of living things
- Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
- Diffusion and osmosis
- The Nucleus and Genetic Material
- Both Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles Provide Energy to the Cell
- Mitochondria and the Production of Energy
- Types of Plastids: Chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER and SER)
- Golgi Apparatus and Vacuoles
- Ribosomes and lysosomes
- Mitosis and meiosis
- Plant and Animal cells
- Cell organelle structure and functions
- Anabolism and Catabolism
Identifying the key concepts in the latest Class 9 syllabus helps students not only prepare more effectively but also guides them in selecting the best reference books for CBSE Class 9.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2: Questions and Answers
Revise, Reflect. Refine
Question 1: Differentiate between the following pairs of terms based on the clues given in parentheses:
(A) Cell membrane and cell wall (Permeability)
(B) RER and SER (Structure)
(C) Chloroplasts and chromoplasts (Pigments)
Answer:
(A) Cell membrane: Selectively permeable, i.e., it controls the entry and exit of substances, allowing only specific molecules to pass through.
Cell wall: Freely permeable, i.e., it allows most substances (water, gases, small molecules) to pass through without restriction.
(B) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): It has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance; mainly involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lacks ribosomes on its surface, appears smooth; mainly involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of the body.
(C) Chloroplasts: Contain green pigment, i.e., chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.
Chromoplasts: Contain non-green pigments, responsible for red, yellow, and orange colors in fruits and flowers.
Question 2: Two similar animal cells are placed in two different solutions:
• Cell X is placed in pure water.
• Cell Y is placed in a concentrated salt solution.
Cells are observed after some time. Cell X swells, and cell Y shrinks.
Which statement provides the correct explanation for the above observations?
(a) Salt molecules moved into cell Y, causing it to shrink.
(b) Water moved into cell X and more water moved out of cell Y than the salt solution entered in it.
(c) Water moved into cell X and moved out of cell Y through the cell membrane.
(d) Solute movement caused osmosis in both cells.
Answer:
(c) Water moved into cell X and moved out of cell Y through the cell membrane.
Explanation: The cell membrane is selectively permeable and allows the movement of water molecules through osmosis.
Cell X is placed in pure water, which is hypotonic compared to the cell contents, so water enters the cell and causes it to swell. Cell Y is placed in a concentrated salt solution, which is hypertonic, so water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. Thus, the observations are explained by the osmosis across the cell membrane.
Question 3: Look at the diagram of a cell given below. Identify the parts labelled from (i) to (vii) and correctly match them with their functions given below:
(A) Controlling all the activities of a cell.
(B) Site of cellular respiration.
(C) Storage organelle that also provides rigidity to the cell.
(D) Separates the cell contents from surroundings.
(E) Provides structural rigidity to the cell.
(F) Packs and stores materials received from ER.
(G) Helps in manufacturing food.
Answer:
Based on the given diagram of a plant cell, the identification and matching of the labelled parts with their functions can be given as:
Question 4: Which of the following option(s) of the pairs of cell organelles are correctly placed under the given categories?
Answer:
(a) Present in the Plant Cells: Leucoplast; Absent in the Animal Cells: Cell wall
Explanation: Leucoplasts are colourless plastids found only in plant cells, where they store food materials such as starch, oils, or proteins. They are entirely absent in animal cells. The cell wall is present in plant cells and provides shape, support, and rigidity to the cell. It is absent in animal cells.
Question 5: Two students, Renu and Rohit, were having a discussion on the plastids. Renu emphasised that all parts of the plants, even roots, contain plastids. However, Rohit did not agree with the statement and told her that plastids are absent in plant roots since the roots are underground and do not need to perform photosynthesis. Who is correct? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Renu is correct. Plastids are present in roots, but they are mainly storage plastids rather than photosynthetic plastids. In green parts of the plant, such as leaves, plastids are mainly chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. In roots, which are generally underground and do not receive sufficient light, plastids are usually colourless leucoplasts. These leucoplasts, especially amyloplasts, store food materials such as starch. Therefore, plastids are present in roots, but they do not usually function in photosynthesis.
Question 6: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are two important organelles in a plant cell. Discuss how these two organelles are structurally and functionally similar to each other, and different from each other.
Answer:
The similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows:
Structural and Functional Similarities:
(1) Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane.
(2) Both contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
(3) Both are involved in energy conversion processes in the cell.
(4) Both contain an internal fluid region,* i.e.*, matrix in mitochondria and stroma in chloroplasts.
Structural and Functional Differences:
Question 7: Which of the following pairs of cell organelles contains DNA?
(a) Chloroplasts, Ribosomes
(b) Mitochondria, Nucleus
(c) Golgi bodies, Ribosomes
(d) Nucleus, Lysosomes
Answer:
(b) Mitochondria, Nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus contains DNA in the form of chromosomes, which carry hereditary information and control the activities of the cell. Mitochondria also possess their own DNA. Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes do not contain DNA.
Question 8: A researcher carried out an experiment in which she took two carrots of similar size. She placed one carrot in plain water and the other carrot in concentrated salt solution as shown in the given figure. After 24 hours she recorded her observations.
(A) What hypothesis does she want to test through this experiment?
(B) What would you suggest for the improvement of this experiment?
(C) Why does the carrot in plain water stay stiff and crunchy, but the carrot in concentrated salt solution become rubbery and limp?
Answer:
(A) The researcher wants to test whether the concentration of the surrounding solution affects the movement of water through the cell membrane by osmosis. She hypothesises that a carrot placed in plain water will absorb water and become firm, while a carrot placed in concentrated salt solution will lose water and become soft and limp.
(B) The given suggestions could be made to improve the experiment:
(1) To improve the experiment, both carrots should be of the same size and shape, so that the comparison is fair.
(2) Their initial weights should be measured accurately before placing them in the solutions, allowing the change in weight to be calculated.
(3) A third carrot may be placed in an isotonic solution (having the same concentration as the carrot cells) to act as a control, where no significant change is expected.
(4) The volume of both solutions and the temperature should also be kept constant throughout the experiment.
(5) In addition, observations should be recorded at regular time intervals instead of only after 24 hours to better study the rate of osmosis.
(C) The cell membrane of carrot cells is selectively permeable and allows water to move through by osmosis.
When the carrot is placed in plain water, water enters the cells by osmosis, making the cells turgid and the carrot stiff and firm. When the carrot is placed in concentrated salt solution, water moves out of the cells by osmosis. The cells lose water and turgidity, causing the carrot to become soft, rubbery, and limp.
Question 9: Indicate the presence or absence of following structures in bacterial and animal cells:
Answer:
Question 10: Carry out the given experiment:
Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Place each of the potato cups in a beaker containing water as shown in the given figure.
Now, set up the experiment as follows:
(I) Keep Cup (P) empty.
(II) Add one teaspoon sugar in Cup (Q).
(III) Add one teaspoon salt in Cup (R).
(IV) Add one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato in Cup (S).
Observe the four potato cups for at least two hours and answer the following questions:
(A) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of Cup (Q) and Cup (R).
(B) Why is Cup (P) necessary for this experiment?
(C) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed portions of Cups (P) and (S).
Answer:
(A) The sugar in cup (Q) and the salt in cup (R) make the solution inside the potato cups more concentrated than the water outside. The living potato cells act as a selectively permeable membrane, so water moves from the beaker (higher water concentration) into the cups (lower water concentration). As a result, water collects inside cups (Q) and (R).
(B) Cup (P) act as the control in the experiment. Since no solute is added to it, it shows that water does not move into the hollow portion unless a concentrated solution (either sugar or salt) is present. This helps confirm that osmosis is responsible for the movement of water in cups (Q) and (R).
(C) Water does not gather in:
(1) Cup (P) because there is no concentration difference between the inside of the cup and the surrounding water, so osmosis does not occur.
(2) Cup (S) because boiling destroys the selectively permeable nature of the potato cell membrane. Therefore, osmosis cannot take place even though sugar is present inside the cup.
Question 11: Identify the pair that incorrectly matches the cell organelle with its function.
(a) Ribosome — Protein synthesis
(b) SER — Lipid and cellulose synthesis
(c) Lysosome — Digestion of foreign agents
Answer:
(b) SER — Lipid and cellulose synthesis
Explanation: The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of lipids and certain hormones. However, it does not synthesise cellulose which is the major component of plant cell wall, produced by enzyme complexes located in the plasma membrane.
Question 12: What outcome do you expect, if all the mitochondria are removed from a eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
If all the mitochondria were removed from a eukaryotic cell, the cell would lose its main source of energy. Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration where ATP (energy currency of the cell) is produced. Without mitochondria, the cell would not be able to produce enough ATP for essential activities such as active transport, protein synthesis, movement, and cell division. Although a small amount of energy could still be produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, it would not be sufficient for the cell's needs. As a result, the cell would gradually stop functioning and eventually die due to lack of energy. The effect would be even more severe in highly active cells like muscle and nerve cells, which require large amounts of energy.
Question 13: Which phenomenon inhibits the formation of tumors in the human body? Can plants also develop tumors? Explain.
Answer:
The phenomenon that inhibits the formation of tumors in the human body is contact inhibition.
In general, cell division stops when cells come in contact with neighbouring cells. This prevents unnecessary cell growth and helps maintain proper tissue structure.
Cancer cells lose this property of contact inhibition and continue dividing uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors.
Plants can also develop tumours, but the process is different from that in animals. Plant cells have rigid cell walls, so they do not show contact inhibition in the same way as animal cells. Their growth is controlled mainly by plant hormones and specific growth regions.
A common example of a plant tumor is Crown gall disease, caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This bacterium enters the plant through cuts or wounds and transfers part of its DNA into the plant cells. The infected cells then start dividing rapidly and uncontrollably, forming swollen growths called galls, which resemble tumors.
Question 14: The cell membrane of a cell is made up of proteins and lipids. Which cell organelles help in the synthesis of cell membrane? Write the path of these compounds from their site of synthesis to the cell membrane and show this through a labelled diagram.
Answer:
The cell membrane is mainly composed of proteins and lipids (phospholipids). Carbohydrates and steroids (such as cholesterol) are also present in minute quantities.
Organelles involved in synthesis:
Ribosomes: Ribosomes (free in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER) are the sites of protein synthesis. The proteins destined for the cell membrane are synthesised on ribosomes attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Membrane proteins are synthesised by ribosomes on the RER surface and are then processed and transported within the RER membrane or lumen.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipids (phospholipids) and steroids (hormones) required for the cell membrane bilayer are synthesised in the SER.
Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the ER via vesicles. It modifies, sorts, and packages them into vesicles for delivery to the cell membrane.
Pathway from synthesis to cell membrane:
Question 15: What would happen if gametes are formed by mitotic divisions?
Answer:
If gametes were formed by mitosis, they would remain diploid. Fertilisation would then produce a zygote with double the chromosome number (For humans, instead of 46 chromosomes, the zygote would have 92). The abnormal chromosome number (referred to as polyploidy in animals) would usually be lethal or cause severe developmental defects, thus, leading to genetic instability and formation of non-viable offspring.
Moreover, mitosis does not create genetic variation, so species would lose diversity and adaptability. Therefore, meiosis is essential because it maintains a constant chromosome number across generations and produces genetic variation necessary for survival and evolution.
Question 16: A farmer, Deepa, was very happy with the harvest of amla (Indian Gooseberry) and lemons on her farm. However, she could sell only one-fourth of the produce in the local market. Recognising that a significant amount of produce may be lost post-harvest, she employed a traditional yet scientifically sound method to extend the shelf life of amla and lemons. She turned perishable produce into profitable products, such as pickles and sharbat. She used the excess produce to prepare pickles, murabbas, and sharbat by adding appropriate amounts of salt, sugar, or jaggery to small pieces of fruit and their juices. These were then stored in small glass bottles for sale, helping her prevent the wastage of post-harvest produce. This shift from farming to agro-processing would strengthen food security and boost the local economy, creating a sustainable model that cuts waste while increasing her income.
Based on the above passage, answer the following questions:
(A) Which scientific concept has the farmer applied in the preservation of the farm produce?
(B) How does the addition of high concentrations of salt and sugar create an environment that prevents the growth of spoilage-causing bacteria and fungi?
(C) Suggest a healthy recipe of this kind for food preservation.
(D) What are the scientific values addressed in this case?
Answer:
(A) Deepa applied the concept of osmosis for food preservation. High amounts of salt, sugar, or jaggery create a concentrated (hypertonic) medium that removes water from microorganisms, preventing their growth.
(B) When large amounts of salt or sugar are added, water moves out of bacteria and fungi by osmosis. The microorganisms become dehydrated, cannot perform normal metabolism or reproduce, and therefore, food spoilage is prevented.
(C) Amla murabba: Fresh amla fruits are cooked in concentrated sugar syrup and stored in clean glass jars. The high sugar concentration helps preserve the fruit for a long time while retaining its nutritional value.
(D) Scientific values addressed:
(1) Application of scientific knowledge in daily life.
(2) Prevention of food wastage.
(3) Sustainability and food security.
(4) Innovation and entrepreneurship.
(5) Economic benefit to farmers through value-added products.b
Think It Over
Question 1: Where does a cell come from? [Pg. No. 8]
Answer:
A cell comes from a pre-existing cell through the process of cell division. This idea is based on the cell theory, first proposed by Schleiden and Schwann and later modified by Rudolf Virchow, who stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. This means new cells are not formed on their own; they are produced when existing cells divide.
Question 2: How have technological interventions facilitated the creation of new knowledge in understanding the world beyond the naked eye?
[Pg. No. 8]
Answer:
Technological interventions, such as the microscope, have helped us observe things that cannot be seen with the naked eye. By using microscopes, scientists could observe and discover cells, microorganisms, cell organelles, and many details of living tissues. This led to the development of new scientific ideas, such as the cell theory, and improved our understanding of the structure and functioning of living organisms. Thus, technology has expanded human observation and helped create new knowledge about the microscopic world.
Question 3: How is the cell structural and functional unit of life? [Pg. No. 8]
Answer:
The cell is called the structural and functional unit of life because the body of every living organism is made up of one or more cells. A cell forms the basic structure of an organism, just like bricks form a building. It also performs all essential life processes such as nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth and reproduction. Therefore, the cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all activities necessary for life.
Question 4: How does a cell multiply? [Pg. No. 8]
Answer:
A cell multiplies by cell division, which can be of two types: Mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, one parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells, which helps in growth, repair and replacement of worn-out cells. In meiosis, special reproductive cells are formed with half the number of chromosomes, which helps in sexual reproduction.
What If….
Question 5: What if mung bean seeds are kept in a concentrated solution after soaking in water for 12 hours? What will happen to them?
[Pg. No. 12]
Answer:
After soaking in water for 12 hours, mung bean seeds absorb water by osmosis and become swollen because water moves from the dilute surroundings into the more concentrated cell contents. When these swollen seeds are placed in a concentrated salt or sugar solution, the outside solution becomes more concentrated than the cell contents. As a result, water moves out of the seed cells by osmosis, called exosmosis. Due to loss of water, the seeds shrink and become wrinkled, and their germination may slow down or stop because the cells do not get enough water for growth.
Threads of Curiosity
Question 6: Some cells are specialised to perform specific functions. For example, mature Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in humans do not have a nucleus (enucleate). The absence of a nucleus provides more space for haemoglobin, allowing it to transport a larger amount of oxygen to all cells of the body. Since they lack a nucleus, they cannot repair or divide themselves. As a result, their lifespan is short and they survive approximately for 120 days. Do you know any other cells without nucleus?
[Pg. No. 16]
Answer:
Yes. Apart from mature human RBCs, some other cells or cell-like structures without a true nucleus are:
(1) Sieve tube cells in plants: Mature sieve tube elements of phloem do not have a nucleus. They remain living but depend on nearby companion cells for their control and functioning.
(2) Mature xylem vessels and tracheids: These cells lose their nucleus and cytoplasm at maturity. They become dead, hollow tubes that help in the transport of water and minerals in plants.
(3) Platelets in human blood: Platelets do not have a nucleus, but they are not complete cells. They are small cell fragments that help in blood clotting.
Pause and Ponder
Question 7: What argument would you give for the necessity of a cell wall in plants usually fixed in one place versus in animals usually moving from one place to the other?
[Pg. No. 14]
Answer:
Plants are usually fixed in one place, so their cells need a rigid cell wall for support, protection and maintaining shape. The cell wall, made mainly of cellulose, helps plant cells withstand the pressure of water entering them and provides strength to plant parts. Animal cells lack a cell wall because they need greater flexibility for movement and different body functions; they have only a cell membrane around them.
Question 8: What consequences would you predict for a plant cell if its cell wall were to become as flexible as a cell membrane? [Pg. No. 14]
Answer:
If a plant cell wall became as flexible as a cell membrane, the cell would lose much of its rigidity, shape and support. It would not be able to withstand the pressure produced when water enters the cell by osmosis. As a result, the cell may swell excessively and become weak or even burst, and the plant tissues would lose strength needed to keep the plant upright.
Question 9: Why is it important to cut the two potato pieces in roughly equal size and measure their initial weight before placing them in different liquids?
[Pg. No. 14]
Answer:
It is important to cut the two potato pieces in roughly equal size so that both pieces have nearly the same surface area and volume exposed to the liquids. This makes the comparison fair because the rate of osmosis depends on the exposed surface area. Their initial weight is measured to provide a starting value. After keeping them in different liquids, any increase or decrease in weight can be compared with the initial weight to find how much water has entered or left the potato cells by osmosis. Thus, equal size and initial weighing help ensure that the observed change is mainly due to the difference in concentration of the liquids, not because of unequal potato pieces.
Question 10: Do white flowers contain any pigment? Give reasons. [Pg. No. 19]
Answer:
White flowers usually do not contain coloured pigments in sufficient amount to produce a visible colour. Brightly coloured flowers get their yellow, orange or red colours from pigments present in chromoplasts. In white flowers, such coloured pigments are absent or present in very small amounts. Some plastids may also be colourless, as in leucoplasts, which lack pigments. Therefore, without visible coloured pigments, the petals reflect and scatter light almost equally, making the flower appear white.
Question 11: Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of a plant or an animal cell using these clues:
(A) Nucleus appears as a dark and round body inside the cell.
(B) ER spreads like a network of extended nuclear envelope.
(C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are rod shaped. [Pg. No. 19]
Answer:
Animal cell
Plant cell
Question 12: Instead of many small ones, why does a cell not have a single giant mitochondrion? How does this relate to the concept of surface area?
[Pg. No. 22]
Answer:
A cell has many small mitochondria instead of one giant mitochondrion because smaller mitochondria provide a larger total surface area for the same volume and help the cells to produce energy more efficiently. Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP, and many important reactions occur on their inner membranes. If there were only one giant mitochondrion, its volume would increase more than its surface area, so the surface area-to-volume ratio would become low. This would make the exchange of materials and energy production less efficient. Many small mitochondria also allow the cell to distribute them near parts where more energy is needed.
Question 13: If the skin cells start dividing by meiosis instead of mitosis, what do you think will happen to a cut on the skin? [Pg. No. 22]
Answer:
If skin cells started dividing by meiosis instead of mitosis, a cut on the skin would not heal properly. This is because skin repair needs mitosis, which produces identical body cells with the same number of chromosomes to replace damaged cells. Meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes, mainly for reproduction, so the new cells would not be normal skin cells. Therefore, the cut would remain unrepaired or heal very poorly.
Essential Topics to be Revised in Class 9 Science Chapter 2
It’s crucial to learn the differences between the cell membrane and cell wall and between plant and animal cells before attempting questions. In addition, students need to carefully understand processes, such as diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis, as these are directly connected to the structure of a cell.
Chapter 2, Cell: The Building Block of Life, explains the concept of mitosis and meiosis and shows how cell division is related to growth, repair and reproduction. Building a basic foundation by learning these ideas first can make the Class 9 Exploration textbook questions much easier to solve.
What NCERT Class 9 Science Solutions Cover
The NCERT solutions for the Class 9 Science Exploration Chapter 2 are arranged in the same order as in the Exploration book. They include:
- Answers to the questions given within the chapter
- Pause and Ponder questions
- Activity- and observation-based questions
- Diagram-based questions
- Revise, Reflect, Refine: Experiments and solutions for exercise
- Clear descriptions of the structure and function of cells
- Relations between similar biological concepts
- Easy-to-follow answers suitable for school exams
Students can also use additional revision notes like Prashant Kirad Notes for Class 9 Science in case they need to revise important concepts they have learned after reading the detailed NCERT solutions.
FAQs
Q1. What do you learn in Class 9 Science Exploration Chapter 2?
Ans. Chapter 2 - Cell: The Building Block of Life - explains the structure and functions of cells. It includes the structure of cell components, plant and animal cells, transport of materials and cell division.
Q2. Are there any questions in Chapter 2 other than the last exercise?
Ans. Yes. Within the chapter, there are questions and prompts throughout the textbook along with end-of-chapter Revise, Reflect, Refine questions. They need to be used in conjunction with the textbook and not just for the final exercise.
Q3. What are the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
Ans. Plant cells generally have a cell wall, plastids and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not have a cell wall or plastids and usually have smaller vacuoles.
Q4. What makes mitosis and meiosis different?
Ans. Mitosis generally a process of producing two genetically identical daughter cells, making it important for growth and tissue repair. Meiosis, on the other hand, results in cells with half the number of chromosomes and is a part of sexual reproduction.
Q5. What are the benefits of NCERT Solutions for Chapter 2 in Exam Preparation?
Ans. NCERT Class 9 Science Solutions by Educart help students review their answers, comprehend tough concepts and learn how to write answers as per the latest exam format. They are particularly helpful for homework, assignments, revision, and exam preparation.
Q6. Do these solutions help students in their school exams?
Ans. Yes. They can be used to correct key ideas, to practice textbook questions and to gain an understanding of the way in which various types of questions should be answered. In addition, a free specimen copy is available for teachers seeking extra classroom resources or selecting a supplementary practice book might help.
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