(A)Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labor demands. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles, and spin several threads at n time. It simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would be left without any job and became unemployed. It was this lea: of unemployment which —ace women workers, who survived on hand -spinning began attacking the new machines.

(B) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

The earlier phase of industrialization in rich large scale production was carried out for the international market not at factories but in decentralized units.

• Huge demand : The world trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand. The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.
• Powerful town producers :

The town producers were very powerful,

The producers could not expand the production a: will. This was because in the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.

• l Monopoly rights : The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.
• l New economic situation in the country-side : Open fields were disappearing in the countryside and the commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who were earlier dependent on common lands became jobless So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce, peasants' households eagerly agreed.

(C) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.

• Most of the European companies had huge resources, so it was very difficult for the Indian merchants and traders to face the competition.
• The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from the local courts.
• Some of the companies got the monopoly rights to Dade.
• All this resulted in the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hooghly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically. The credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up. and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
• In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of -race that passed through Sura: had been t 16 million. By the 1740’s. It had slumped to 3 million rupees.
• With the passage of time. Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) grew.

(D) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

• Monopoly right: Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade.
• New system: After establishing monopoly over trade it proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
• Appointing Gomasthas: The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
• System of advances: To have a direct control over the weavers, the company started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
• Use of power: The places where the weaver refused to co-operate the Company used its police. At many places, weavers were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.