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Class 10 History is an important subject that helps you understand the journey of the world through various events, revolutions and transformations.
To score well in exams, it is important to grasp each chapter clearly so that you can write better and more accurate answers. That’s why we have brought you the easiest and most detailed notes for quick learning and revision.
With everything properly explained, you won’t miss out on any important detail. Just go through these notes and get fully prepared to write high-scoring answers in your History exam.
The chapter discusses how trade, migration, invasion, colonialism and the dissemination of ideas and culture have all contributed to the interconnectedness of the contemporary globe.
The historical processes that gave rise to globalization and the development of a global economy are its main focus.
Below, we have provided the links to downloadable PDFs of the making of global world class 10 notes History for every typology.
Long before the modern era, people were connected across continents through travel, trade, migration and cultural exchange. Traders, priests and pilgrims moved across vast regions to exchange goods, ideas and beliefs.
These interactions laid the foundation for a global world long before the term “globalization” was coined.
The Silk Routes were a network of trade routes connecting East Asia with Europe and Africa. They existed for centuries before the Christian era and remained active till the 15th century. Through these routes:
These routes were not just economic but also cultural bridges between civilizations.
Food was one of the most significant agents of global interaction. The discovery of the Americas in the 15th century led to the exchange of crops and food items between continents. This is known as the Columbian Exchange. For example:
This transformation of diets highlights how trade reshaped cultural habits across the globe.
European conquest of the Americas brought wealth in the form of gold and silver, but it also brought deadly consequences for native populations. Diseases such as smallpox, brought by Europeans, killed millions of indigenous people.
This biological invasion made it easier for European powers to dominate these lands and establish global trade routes that enriched Europe at the expense of colonized regions.
After 1815, the world saw significant economic expansion. Europe emerged as the center of industrial production and colonies like India became sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.
International trade increased dramatically, linking distant parts of the world more tightly into a global economy.
Technological advancements during this period changed the way the world connected. Key developments included:
Technology made global trade faster, cheaper and more efficient.
The late 19th century saw a new phase of colonial expansion, especially in Asia and Africa. European powers raced to acquire colonies for their raw materials and to secure markets for their industrial products.
Colonies were often forcibly integrated into the global economy and their traditional systems were disrupted.
In the 1890s, a cattle disease called Rinderpest spread across Africa. Introduced by infected animals brought by European colonizers, it killed 90% of African cattle. This caused:
Rinderpest symbolizes how ecological changes were linked to imperial dominance.
Millions of Indians migrated as indentured laborers to British colonies like Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and the Caribbean. They signed contracts (called girmits) and worked on plantations under harsh conditions.
Though exploited, they preserved cultural practices like festivals, cuisine and languages, forming a unique Indian diaspora.
Despite colonial restrictions, some Indian entrepreneurs succeeded overseas. Indian traders, bankers and businessmen expanded their networks across East Africa, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean. They helped develop local economies and maintained trade connections with India.
India’s economy became heavily dependent on British interests. Under colonial rule:
World War I transformed the global economy. It led to:
War-time production boosted industries temporarily but disrupted normal economic activity.
After the war ended in 1918, economic recovery was slow and unstable. Britain was burdened with debt and lost its dominant global position.
Other European economies also struggled, leading to political instability and high unemployment. The US, however, emerged stronger and economically dominant.
The 1920s marked a period of economic boom in the US. The automobile industry led by Henry Ford used assembly lines to increase production:
This economic growth, however, was not sustainable and relied on excessive credit.
The Great Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and quickly spread worldwide. Its effects included:
Governments raised import duties and restricted trade, worsening the crisis. The Depression showed the dangers of unchecked capitalism.
India, being a British colony, was severely affected. Key impacts:
World War II left many countries devastated. The US took the lead in rebuilding Western Europe through the Marshall Plan, which offered financial and technical aid. The idea was to prevent the spread of communism and restore economic stability in Europe.
In 1944, the Bretton Woods Conference led to the creation of two major financial institutions:
A system of fixed exchange rates was established with the US dollar linked to gold. This system brought stability and allowed for post-war recovery.
After the war, many Asian and African nations gained independence. These countries:
India adopted a mixed economy model with both public and private sectors.
In the early 1970s, the US abandoned the gold standard, ending the Bretton Woods system. Currencies became flexible and financial markets expanded rapidly. The world entered a new phase of globalization marked by:
Globalization brought new opportunities and challenges, reshaping the world economy once again.
Q1. How were the Silk Routes important in history?
Ans. The Silk Routes connected Asia, Europe and Africa, allowing exchange of goods, cultures, ideas and religions for centuries.
Q2. What was the impact of the discovery of new sea routes?
Ans. It linked Europe with Asia and America, boosting trade in spices, gold and silver, but also started colonisation.
Q3. How did the world change after the Industrial Revolution?
Ans. Mass production increased trade, new markets grew, transport improved, but colonies were exploited for raw materials.
Q4. What was the Great Depression of the 1930s?
Ans. It was a worldwide economic crisis with falling prices, unemployment and trade collapse, badly affecting farmers and workers.
Q5. Why is the 19th century called the age of globalisation?
Ans. Because trade, migration, colonisation and spread of technologies connected the world more deeply than ever before.
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