Project Work. Find out more about nationalist symbols in countries outside Europe. For one or two countries, collect examples of pictures, posters or music that are symbols of nationalism. How are these different from European examples?

Discuss. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Discuss. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Discuss. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

Discuss. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Discuss. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Write in Brief. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Write in Brief. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Write in Brief. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Write in Brief. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Write in Brief. (a) Guiseppe Mazzini (b) Count Camillo de Cavour (c) The Greek war of independence (d) Frankfurt parliament (e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Activity-9. Look at Fig. 10. Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present during the proceedings of the parliament.

Activity-8. Describe what you see in Fig. What historical events could Hübner be referring to in this allegorical vision of the nation?

Activity-5. Examine Fig. 14(b). Which was the first region to become a part of unified Italy? Which was the last region to join? In which year did the largest number of states join?

Activity-5. Look at Fig. 14(a). Do you think that the people living in any of these regions thought of themselves as Italians?

Activity-4. Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of Parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey?

Discuss-6. Compare the positions on the question of women’s rights voiced by the three writers cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?

Activity-3. Imagine you are a weaver who saw the events as they unfolded. Write a report on what you saw.

Discuss-5. Describe the cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.

Discuss-4. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.

What is the caricaturist trying to depict?

Discuss-2.Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.

Activity-2. In what way do you think the print of Frederic Sorriee depicts a utopian vision?

Activity-7. With the help of the chart in Box, identify the attributes of Veit’s Germania and interpret the symbolic meaning of the painting. In an earlier allegorical rendering of 1836, Veit had portrayed the Kaiser’s crown at the place where he has now located the broken chain. Explain the significance of this change.

Activity-2. Plot on a map of Europe the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.

Discuss-1. Summarize the attributes of a nation, as Renan understands them. Why, in his view, are nations important?