Explain and arrange the following statements in the correct chronological order to show how atomic models have evolved over time.

(A) Bohr's model proposed that electrons move in fixed orbits around the nucleus, each with a definite energy.

(B) Thomson's model depicted the atom as a 'plum pudding' with electrons embedded in a sphere of positive charge.

(C) Rutherford's model proposed that atoms have a dense central nucleus.

(D) Dalton's model described atoms as indivisible particles.

The correct chronological order is:

(D) → (B) → (C) → (A)

The atomic models evolved gradually as scientists made new discoveries about the structure of the atom. Initially, Dalton proposed that atoms are tiny, indivisible particles that form matter. Later, J. J. Thomson discovered electrons and proposed the 'plumpudding' model, according to which electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere. Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's model and led to the discovery of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the centre of the atom, with most of the atom being empty space. However, Rutherford's model could not explain the stability of atoms. To overcome this limitation, Niels Bohr proposed that electrons revolve around the nucleus only in definite circular orbits or energy levels, and these orbits have fixed energy. The electrons do not lose energy while revolving in such orbits.